What happens to bacteria in conditions of low dissolved oxygen?

In conditions of low dissolved oxygen, bacteria that are adapted to these environments will function anaerobically. This means they are able to survive and metabolize without oxygen, utilizing alternative pathways to generate energy. Anaerobic bacteria typically play a significant role in processes such as decomposition and fermentation, where they break down organic material and recycle nutrients in the absence of oxygen.

While some bacteria may struggle or die off without sufficient dissolved oxygen, many types are specifically adapted to thrive in low-oxygen environments. The ability to switch to anaerobic processes enables these bacteria to continue their metabolic activities and contribute to various microbiological processes within wastewater treatment systems and natural ecosystems. This adaptation is crucial for maintaining balance in environments that are temporarily or consistently low in oxygen.